The Great Schism - Dr. Rollinson's Courses and Resources

History Pages - Part 12

The Great Schism, the Norman Conquest : AD 800-1,066

AD 800: Charlemagne crowned as Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III, December 25, in Rome
Haroun Al-Raschid sent an Embassy to the court of Charlemagne
The Synod of Aix-la-Chapelle introduced the "Filioque" clause ("and the Son", referring to the Holy Spirit proceeding from the Father and the Son) into the Creed. This became a major cause of dissension between Eastern and Western Churches
AD 801-865: Anskar, missionary to Scandinavia
AD 802: Rose trees introduced into Europe
AD 806: Norsemen sacked the Monastery of Iona
AD 810: Nynniaw, Welsh monk, wrote a History of Britain;
Muhammed ibn Musa al Chwarazmi wrote a book on mathematics "Al jhibra . . . " (the variations . . ) which came into European languages as "Algebra"
AD 814: Arabs adopted Indian numerals, including zero
AD 820: End of the Abassid Caliphate
AD 823: Arabs captured Crete
AD 825: Caliph Mamun arranged for the translation of Greek classics into Arabic : Arabic scientific studies began
AD 826: Christianity introduced into Scandinavia by King Harold of Denmark and Anskar
AD 829: The "Annales Regni Francorum" - "Annals of the Kings of the Franks" - official Frankish history
AD 834: Danes raided England
AD 840: Paschasius Radbertus, Abbot of Corbey, developed the doctrine of Transubstantiation - that the Elements of Communion are changed into the Body and Blood of Christ
AD 843: Empress Theodora reinstated image worship in Byzantine Empire
The Treaty of Verdun divided the Frankish Empire (the remains of Charlemagne's Empire) between the three grandsons of Charlemagne - Lothar I (Italy and Lorraine), Charles II the Bald (France), and Louis I (Germany)
AD 845: Johannes Scotus Erigena - "John the Scot" - became head of the palace school for Charles the Bald of France
AD 846: The Arabs sacked Rome and destroyed the Venetian fleet
AD 849-899: Alfred the Great
ca. AD 850: King Alfred translated several Books of the New Testament into Anglo-Saxon
AD 850: "Church Modes" in music - eventually developed into major and minor scales
Jews started to settle in the Rhineland, and developed a mixed Hebrew-German language, Yiddish
Coffee discovered by the Arabs
AD 862: Rostislav of Moravia asked the Byzantine emperor to send missionaries to Moravia
AD 863: Cyril and Methodius went as missionaries to the Slavs, and invented the Cyrillic Alphabet for the Slavic language
AD 865: The Danes invaded Northumbria and established a kingdom at York
AD 867-886: Byzantine Empire : Basil I started as a slave boy, came to the throne by helping to kill one Emperor, and then killing the next Emperor. He promoted the religious and linguistic conversion of the Slavs, making them become Greek-speaking Orthodox Christians. Basil started the Macedonian Dynasty (867 to 1057) during which the Empire reached its zenith. Basil was a capable general and during his rule the Saracen threat was diminished and southern Italy was recaptured
AD 868: Palestine annexed to Egypt
AD 870: The Danes invaded and settled in East Anglia
AD 871-899: Reign of Alfred the Great
AD 878: Alfred the Great defeated the Danes and recaptured London
AD 879: The Pope of Rome and the Patriarch of Constantinople excommunicated one another
AD 882: Saadia Gaon, Jewish Rabbinic scholar
AD 885: Mt. Athos appointed as a religious retreat by Emperor Basil I
AD 890: Alfred the Great organized a regular army and navy, strengthened the Law Courts, and established fairs and markets throughout his land
AD 900: England divided into Shires, with County Courts for justice
Alfonso III of Castile started to try to drive Muslim Arabs out of Spain
Development of Arab "arabesque" style of ornamentation
Beginnings of "part song" in fourths, fifths, and octaves
Start of Second Pueblo Period in Southwest region of N. America
AD 909: Rise of the Fatimid dynasty in North Africa
AD 911: Treaty of St. Clair-sur-Epte established Normandy as a Dukedom under Count Rollo I
AD 923-969: Byzantine Empire pushed back the Arabs
AD 925-940: Athelstan, King of England - recaptured Northumberland
AD 927: Odo, Abbot of Cluny, established a rule of discipline for the Benedictines
AD 929: King Wenceslas of Bohemia murdered by his brother
AD 935-1,000: Roswitha of Gandersheim - German nun and playwright
AD 937: Battle of Brunanburgh - Athelstan defeated Danes, Scots, and Britons
AD 939: Arabs driven out of Madrid
AD 939-1,020: Firdausi - Persian poet
AD 940-946: Edmund I, brother of Athelstan, King of England
AD 941: Danes made war on Edmund I
AD 942-953: Malcolm I, King of Scotland
AD 950-1,150: Islamic Umayyad Dynasty in Spain
AD 955: Russian Grand Duchess Olga baptized in Constantinople - became the "Apostle to the Russias"
AD 959-988: Dunstan, Archbishop of Canterbury
AD 961: Byzantine navy under Nicephorus Phocas won Crete back from the Arabs
AD 963: Monastics at Mount Athos, Greece
AD 965: Byzantines recaptured Cyprus from the Arabs
English invaded the Welsh Principality of Gwynedd
AD 969: Byzantines recaptured Antioch from the Arabs
AD 969-976: Byzantine Emperor John I Tzimisces, who conquered half of Bulgaria, defeated the Russian invasion and marched his armies to the outskirts of Jerusalem and Baghdad
AD 975-979: King Edward the Martyr of England
AD 976-1,025: Byzantine Emperor Basil II, "the Bulgar Slayer". Kievan Russia converted to Orthodox Christianity
AD 979: King Edward murdered, Ethelred II the Unready became king
AD 980: Pipe Organ with 400 pipes built at Winchester
AD 980-1,015: St. Vladimir, prince of Kiev
AD 980-1,037: Avicenna (Ibn Sina), Muslim philosopher and physician
AD 988: Vladimir of Kiev introduced Christianity into his lands, after his marriage to the sister of the Byzantine Emperor Basil II. The beginning of Byzantine influence in Russia
AD 1,000: Beowulf put into writing
Leif Eriksson, son of Eric the Red, may have discovered Nova Scotia
AD 1002-1066: Edward the Confessor
AD 1009: Muslims sacked the Church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
AD 1013: The Danes took England, and Ethelred the Unready fled to Normandy
AD 1014: Battle of Clontarf ended Norse rule in Ireland
Canute became leader of the Danes in England
Ethelred the Unready returned to England
AD 1016: Ethelred the Unready died, and Canute became King of England
AD 1027: Giudo d'Arezzo introduced solmization in music - the tonic solfa, though "do" was originally called "ut"
AD 1027-1123: Omar Khayyam, Persian poet
AD 1033-1109: Anselm of Canterbury
AD 1035: Death of Canute. His kingdom was divided between his sons
AD 1040-1057: Macbeth, King of Scotland - came to the throne by murdering Duncan, the previous king
AD 1042-1066: Edward the Confessor, King of England
AD 1045-1099: El Cid - Rodrigo Diaz - Spanish national hero
AD 1040-1105: Rashi - Rabbi Solomon ben Isaac, great French-Jewish scholar and commentator on the Scriptures
AD 1042: Rise of the Seljuk Turks
AD 1050: The Mabinogion, collection of Welsh epic songs, written down
AD 1053: Great Schism - between the Western Latin Church, centered on Rome, and the Eastern Greek Church, which became the Eastern Orthodox Church, centered on Byzantium (Constantinople)
Harold Godwinsson became earl of Essex
AD 1054: Pope Leo IX of Rome and Patriarch Michael Cerularius of the Eastern Church excommunicated one aother
AD 1064: AD 1064 - The Seljuk Turks conquered Armenia
AD 1065: Westminster Abbey consecrated
AD 1066: Halley's Comet seen over Europe, particularly England, and taken as an omen of bad fortune;

AD 1066 - The Norman Conquest :

January 5 - Edward the Confessor died
January 6 - Harold Godwinsson crowned as Harold II
September 25 - Battle of Stamford Bridge, in the north of England - Harold and his army defeated invading Danes
September 28 - William, Duke of Normandy, landed at Pevensey, raided the surrounding regions, set up a favorable battle position, and waited for Harold
Harold and his army marched post haste to the south to attack William, and they arrived exhausted at Hastings
October 14 - Battle of Hastings - Harold was killed by an arrow in his eye
December 25 - William crowned in London as William I of England, known to history as "William the Conqueror"

Main Sources : Smithsonian Timelines of Ancient History, The Timetables of History (Bernard Grun)

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